MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY
MICRO: Bacteriology
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-?-Obligate aerobes use an O2-dependent system to generate ATP; examples include Nocarida and Bacillus
Obligate anaerobes lack -?-catalase and/or supoxide dismutase and thus are susceptible to oxidative damage; they generally are -?-foul smelling (short chain fatty acids), difficult to culture, and produce gas in tissue (C02 and H2).
Obligate intracellular bugs -?-Rickettsia and -?-Chlamydia cannot make their own ATP.
Anthrax is caused by -?-Bacillus anthracis.
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: which one (and which type of that one) produces normal oral flora? -?-Actinomyces israelii
Gram-negative bugs are resistant to -?-penicillin G but may be susceptible to penicillin derivatives such as ampicillin.
| -?-(b) Bacillus cereus | Reheated rice |
| -?-(f) E. coli | Undercooked meat |
| -?-(g) Salmonella | Poultry, meat, eggs |
| -?-(c) S. aureus | Meats, mayonnaise, custard |
| -?-(a) Vibrio parahaemolyticus & V. vulnificus | Contaminated seafood |
| -?-(d) Clostridium perfringens | Reheated meat dishes |
| -?-(e) C. botulinum | Improperly canned foods |
| (a) Vibrio parahaemolyticus & V. vulnificus (b) Bacillus cereus (c) S. aureus (d) Clostridium perfringens (e) C. botulinum (f) E. coli (g) Salmonella | |
| -?-(g) Yersinia enterocolitica | Usually transmitted from pet feces |
| -?-(e) Campylobactere jejuni | Comma- or S-shaped organisms; growth at 42°C |
| -?-(b) Vibrio cholerae | Comma-shaped organisms |
| -?-(a) E.coli | Ferments lactose |
| -?-(c) Salmonella | Does not ferment lactose, motile |
| -?-(d) Shigella | Does not ferment lactose, nonmotile, very low ID50 |
| -?-(f) Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Transmitted by seafood |
| (a) E.coli (b) Vibrio cholerae (c) Salmonella (d) Shigella (e) Campylobactere jejuni (f) Vibrio parahaemolyticus (g) Yersinia enterocolitica | |
| -?-(e) Helicobacter pylori | Causes gastritis & up to 90% of duodenal ulcers; gram negative rod |
| -?-(a) Enterobacteriaceae | Diverse family including E. coli, salmonella and Proteus; all species have somatic (O) antigen & all ferment glucose and are oxidase negative |
| -?-(f) Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria | Grow pink colonies on MacConkey's agar; include Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter & Citrobacter |
| -?-(b) Haemophilus influenzae | Causes epiglottis, meningitis, otitis media, and pneumonia; small gram-negative rod; most invasive disease caused by capsular type B |
| -?-(d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Causes wound and burn infections |
| (a) Enterobacteriaceae (b) Haemophilus influenzae (c) Legionella pneumophila (d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (e) Helicobacter pylori (f) Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria | |
| -?-Both | Which is non-lactose fermenters? |
| -?-Both | Which cause bloody diarrhea? |
| -?-Salmonella | Which is motile? |
| -?-Salmonella | Which can have its symptoms prolonged with antibiotic treatments? |
| -?-Shigella | Which is more virulent? |
-?-vibrio cholerae toxin permanently activates G8, causing rice-water diarrhea.
-?-pertussis toxin permanently disables Gi, causing whooping cough.
| Species | Disease | Transmission | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Borrelia Burgdorferi | -?-Lyme disease | Tick bite | Ixodes ticks that live on deer & mice |
| Brucella spp. | Brucellosis/undulant fever | -?-Dairy products | Contact with animals |
| Francisella tularensis | Tularemia | Tick bite | -?-Rabbits, deer |
| Yersinia pestis | -?-Plague | Flea bite | Rodents, especially prairie dogs |
| Pasteurella multocida | Cellulitis | -?-Animal bite | Cats, dogs |
| -?-(b) M. Kansaii | Pulmonary TB-like symptoms |
| -?-(c) M. scrofulaceum | Cervical lymphadeniteis in kids |
| -?-(a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis | TB, often resistant to multiple drugs |
| -?-(d) M. avium-intracellulare | Often resistant to multiple drugs; causes disease in AIDS |
| -?-all four | Acid-fast organisms |
| (a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (b) M. Kansaii (c) M. scrofulaceum (d) M. avium-intracellulare | |
-?-Leprosy or -?-Hansen's disease disease is an acid-fast bacillus that likes cool temperatures; infects skin and superficial nerves; cannot be grown in vitro; treatment is long-term oral dapsone; toxicity is hemolysis and methemoglobineamia; alternate treatments include rifampin & a combination of clofazimine and dapsone
| -?-(a) Rickettsiae | All except are transmitted by an arthropod vector and cause headache, fever, rash |
| -?-(b) Rocky Mountain spotted fever | Symptoms rash on palms & soles (migrating to wrists, ankles, then trunk), headache, fever; endemic to East Coast |
| -?-(e) Chlamydiae | Causes arthritis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and nongonococcal urethritis; treatment is erythromycin or tetracycline |
| -?-(d) Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Classic cause of atypical "walking" pneumonia; X-ray looks worse than patient |
| -?-(c) Weil-Felix reaction | Usually positive for typhus & Rocky Mountain spotted fever but negative for Q fever |
| (a) Rickettsiae (b) Rocky Mountain spotted fever (c) Weil-Felix reaction (d) Mycoplasma pneumoniae (e) Chlamydiae | |
Treponemes are -?-spirochetes.
Treponema pallidum causes -?-syphilis.
Treponema pertenue causes -?-yaws.
What is "yaws"?-?-Tropical infection that is not an STD although VDRL test is positive
Syphilis is caused by spirochete -?-Treponema pallidum