BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE
Physiology
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-?-
to reveal/hide the answer.
| ANXIETY | NE -?-↑ | GABA -?-↓ | Serotonin -?-↓ |
| DEPRESSION | NE -?-↓ | Serotonin -?-↓ | |
| ALZHEIMER'S | ACh -?-↓ | ||
| HUNTINGTON'S | GABA -?-↓ | ACh -?-↓ | |
| SCHIZOPHRENIA | Dopamine -?-↑ | ||
| PARKINSON'S | Dopamine -?-↓ |
Serotonergic predominance of
-?-raphe
nucleus is the key to initiating sleep; NE
-?-reduces
REM sleep; extraocular movements during REM is due to the activity of
-?-PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center);
benzodiazepines -?-shorten
stage 4 sleep; and, imipramine is used to treat
-?-enuresis
because it decreases stage 4 sleep.
REM sleep makes up approximately
-?-25% of total sleep; occurs every
-?-90 minutes
minutes with duration increasing through the night; decreases with age; and,
has -?-ACh
as its principal neurotransmitter.
Re sleep apnea, person stops breathing for at least
-?-10 seconds
seconds repeatedly during sleep and often leaves individuals chronically
-?-tired.
Narcolepsy may include hypnagogic or hypnopompic
-?-hallucinations; has a strong
-?-genetic
component; and, is often treated with
-?-stimulants.
Patients with depression typically have three major changes
in their sleep stages: ↓ slow-wave sleep, ↓ REM latency, and
-?-early-morning awakening (an important screening question).