ANATOMY
Heart
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The transverse cardiac diameter varies with
inspiration and expiration but normally should not exceed -?-One-half the diameter of
the chest.
An apical pulse is palpable at the point of
maximal impulse (PMI) in the -?-Fifth intercostals space just beneath the nipple.
| Landmark | Location | Contents |
|---|---|---|
| -?-Coronary sulcus | Between atria and ventricles; nearly vertical behind sternum; Marks the annulus fibrosus that supports the valves | Right side contains the right coronary artery; and small cardiac vein; crossed by anterior cardiac veins. Left side contains circumflex branch of the left coronary artery and coronary sinus. |
| -?-Anterior interventricular sulcus | Between left and right ventricles. Marks the interventricular septum | Contains the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery and the great cardiac vein |
| -?-Posterior interventricular sulcus | Delineates the interventricular septum, posteriorly | Contains the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery and the middle cardiac vein |
Ventricular coronary flow occurs during
ventricular diastole when a pressure differential occurs between the -?-Left
ventricle and the aorta.
The papillary muscles take up the slack in
the chordae tendineae to maintain the competence of the valvular closure as
ventricular volume is reduced furing blood ejection. The valves close -?-Passively.
A ventricular septal defect produces a
serious right-to-left shunt with cyanosis-"blue-baby" syndrome-because left
ventricular pressure exceeds that in the right ventricle. A large VSD is the
principal factor in -?-Tetralogy of Fallot.
| Valve | Auscultation | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| -?-Tricuspid | Right of sternum in 6th intercostals space | |
| -?-Pulmonic | Left of sternum over in 2nd intercostals space | |
| -?-Mitral | Apex of heart in the 5th intercostals space in the left midclavicular line | Insufficiency produces a low-pitched, late systolic blowing murmur |
| -?-Aortic | Right of sternum over 2nd intercostals space | Stenosis will tend to be ausculated as a high-pitched systolic murmur |
The atrioventicular bundle passes through the
annulus fibrosus and descends along the posterior border of the membranous part
of the interventricular septum to enter the muscular portion of the septum. It
transmits electrical activity to the -?-Ventricles.
| Node | Location | Function | Vasculature |
|---|---|---|---|
| -?-Sinoatrial | In myocardium between crista terminalis and opening of superior vena cava | Initiates contractile event with electrical depolarization spreading throughout atrial musculature | Nodal branch of the right coronary artery |
| -?-Atrio-ventricula | In the right atrial floor near the interatrial septum | Stimulated by atrial depolarization: It leads into the atrioventricular (A-V) bundle to syncronize ventricular depolarization. |
| Division | Presynaptic Pathway | Postsynaptic Pathway | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| -?-Sympathetic | From spinal levels T1-L2 along the ventral root; Reach the chain of sympathetic ganglia via white rami communicates | 1.Fibers that synapse return to the spinal nerve via a gray ramus to mediate
cutaneous piloerection, vasoconstriction, and sudomotor activity. 2. Fibers that do not synapse pass through the chain as splanchnic nerves to synapse In prevertebral ganglia; from these ganglia, postsynaptic neurons run in perivascular plexuses to innervate visceral target tissues. |
Adrenergic neurotransmission increases heart rate, increases stroke volume, dilates coronary and pulmonary arteries |
| -?-Para-sympathetic | Presynaptic cell bodies are located in the dorsal vagal nuclei of the brain. The myelinated synaptic axons form cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve | Postganglionic cell bodies lie in numerous ganglia close to the target organ | Cholinergic neurotransmission decreases heart rte, decreases stroke volume, and produces bronchoconstriction |
| Organ | Referral Area | Pathway |
|---|---|---|
| Pericardial cavity | T1-T5: Upper and mid thorax | -?-Intercostal nerves T1-T5 |
| Heart | T1-T4: Upper thorax, postaxial brachium | -?-Cervical and thoracic splanchnic nerves |
| Thoracic esophagus | T1-T5: Thorax and epigastric region | -?-Thoracic splanchnic nerves |
| Diaphragm Central Marginal | C3-C5: Neck and Shoulder T5-T10: Thorax |
-?-Phrenic nerve -?-Intercostal nerves |